And time is bound up with how we think about consciousness, self, ego, etc. It's been suggested it's a linguistic illusion. I don't know the answer.
Neither do the physicists know the answer. Some physical theorists entertain contradictory ideas about time that are as different from one another as the ones discussed here in threads devoted to the paranormal.
Re your statement highlighted in blue, phenomenological philosophy from Husserl to Merleau-Ponty and beyond has recognized the radical temporality of human experience and consciousness. Whatever zones of time or timelessness might exist beyond the levels of our ordinary perceptions in the local world we inhabit, I think we have to begin as the phenomenologists have with the analyses of the temporality of our present embodied existence and how it affects that which we are able to think concerning the nature and structure of 'reality'. To be sure, we have many experiences that seem to take us out of 'time', at least temporarily. Eastern philosophy and mysticism in general have explored zones of apparent timelessness that can be reached through disciplined meditation -- a sense of reality beneath or beyond that in which we normally dwell. Dreams and other altered states of consciousness likewise produce senses of time and non-time/timelessness that we experience. The same applies to that which occurs in psychic experiences, mediumship, parapsychology, remote viewing, and other unusual states of consciousness. All of this needs further exploration if we are to understand consciousness itself and what is available to it at different levels, including personal subconsciousness and collective unconsciousness affecting what arises to the level of conscious thought.
A series of conferences were held several years ago by interdisciplinary scholars and scientists, including parapsychologists, concerning what they called 'endophysics', an attempt to discover the relationship between the temporality of lived experience and emerging concepts of 'time' following the recognition of the quantum substrate of classical physics. I have some links saved in Word that I'll post below to the abstracts of papers, the introductory paper to the conference, and a paper by Jahn and Dunne read at the third of those conferences, which you might find worth pursuing. Also some links added later that might go to the text of the book published following that conference and to the ideas of Otto Rossler, who seems to be the originator of endophysical thinking.
EDITED TO UPDATE THE LINKS, AND MY LINKS STILL ARE NOT WORKING. They are saved from several years ago and I will attempt to restore them and post them again later today. None of the following are working.
START HERE:
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Endophysics, Time, Quantum and the Subjective
Proceedings of the ZiF Interdisciplinary Research Workshop
Bielefeld, Germany, 17 – 22 January 2005
Edited by: Rosolino Buccheri (Istituto per le Tecnologie Didattiche, CNR, Palermo, Italy), Avshalom C Elitzur (Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel), Metod Saniga (Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Tatranská Lomnica, Slovak Republic.
ROSOLINO BUCCHERI, MAURO BUCCHERI, in Endophysics, Time, Quantum and the Subjective : pp. 3-21
ABSTRACTS: http://www.astro.sk/~msaniga/ZiF_05/ZiF_abstracts.pdf
Whole of Jahn-Dunne paper: http://www.princeton.edu/~pear/pdfs/2005-endophysical-models-empirical-data.pdf
On Rossler: http://k0a1a.net/meme20/world-as-interface.pdf
THE WHOLE BOOK IS/APPEARS TO BE ONLINE @ https://www.hse.ru/data/2010/10/31/1223461093/endophysics.pdf
SEARCH AT STROZIER COMPUTER:
EVOLUTION OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE AND THE ENDOPHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE (doi: 10.1142/9789812701596_0001)
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