I don't care if there are 10 of you guys on here touting the so called "proof" of evolution. There is no real proof on the matter. The inference that I am somehow indoctrinated is pure bull pucky. I am on the other side of the issue that's all.
Starise, please bear with me a moment while I make a point about this year's flu epidemic and how it relates to evolution. (Everyone else, this is a good lesson about influenza, types of influenza, how/why these viruses are named, potentials for pandemics, this year's flu vaccine and much more.)
There are three categories of viruses:
- Influenza A - this tends to be the most severe category of influenza and is the most likely to cause a pandemic. This is mostly because it evolves and mutates the fastest, allowing it to cross into different species.
- Influenza B - this is mostly limited to humans and rarely crosses species, in part because it mutates and evolves much more slowly. For this reason, when there are outbreaks of Influenza B, it tends to be limited to specific areas and the illness itself is less severe.
- Influenza C - This only affects humans, dogs and pigs. When it does affect humans, it is almost exclusively limited to children and the outbreaks are less severe.
Right now, if you live in the U.S. and choose to get a flu vaccination, you're actually getting a vaccination for three different viruses: A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and a B virus. According to the CDC, 98% of current viruses (in the U.S.) are A/H3N2. For reasons I'll explain shortly, this indicates we will have a severe flu season - which is certainly happening. It also needs to be understood that different strains of these viruses are constantly occurring, all because of evolution. This is why, if you were vaccinated for H1N1 and/or H3N2 last year, you will still need to get a new vaccination this year. Each year's vaccination is for a specific mutation of H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 and Category B viruses. When we hear that a certain year's vaccination wasn't the "right one" for that year's flu season, it's not because they mistook the category or sub-type of influenza and doesn't mean an entirely unprecedented virus suddenly emerged. Rather, it's because a specific strain of that sub-type became unexpectedly prevalent. For me to better explain this, I should first delve into how viruses are named:
Viruses are given specific names (such as A/H1N1 and A/H3N2) because these dictate the categories, types and sub-types of these viruses. First, we have a letter that gives the category of virus, such as A, B and C. This is why H1N1 and H3N2 are technically listed as A/H1N1 and A/H3N2. (Admittedly, as category "A" viruses are the most common, that letter is often assumed to be an "A" and left off of the name in casual reports.) This first letter also gives us an idea regarding how violent or widespread the virus will be, again with category "A" viruses having the most potential to cause a pandemic.
From this, viruses are then named by indicating the types of protein on their surface. The "H", such as in H1N1 and H3N2 stands for hemagglutinin, which is a substance that causes red blood cells to agglutinate (stick together like glue). The "N" stands for neuraminidase, which is a type of enzyme that is most notable for occurring within viruses. Specifically, it is a viral neuraminidase that is found on the surface of viruses. It is the most common type of neuraminidase.
Then we get into the specific sub-types, which are the numbers in the virus' name. There are 16 different hemagglutinin sub-types and 9 different neuraminidase sub-types, any combination of which can occur though not necessarily affect humans. At this time, only H1, H2, H3, H5, H7 and H9 as well as N1, N2 and N7 can affect humans. Even then, only H1, H2, H3, N1 and N2 affect humans to any extent - though it should be noted that H5 is entering the scene and has the potential to become a serious pandemic. A study of H5N1 is a study on how easily an extremely fatal pandemic could occur under the right circumstances, as well as a lesson in the dynamics of evolution.
(There are also names for different lab-grown "isolates" [lab-grown virus strains] and genotypes which are added to the names of "new" viruses - such as H5N1. As I'm not writing a dissertation, I'm not going to dwell on these. For all intents and purposes, the viruses which are affecting us right now do not fall into these categories.)
This is where strains (evolution of different influenza viruses) come into the dialog: If you remember a few years back, A/H1N1 was referred to as "swine flu" and has also occasionally been named "avian flu." Certain strains of this virus are endemic in pigs and birds, hence the name. Aquatic birds are especially susceptible to getting category A viruses, as is domestic poultry. During the 2009 pandemic, the H1N1 virus in the U.S. was actually made up of four different flu viruses - North American swine flu, North American avian flu, human influenza and swine influenza - the latter being mostly found in Asia and parts of Europe. All four of these different viruses were still strains of H1N1. In early 2009, an outbreak of this "new" H1N1 virus occurred in the American Southwest and parts of Mexico. By June, the WHO labeled it a pandemic and by October it was called a "national emergency" by president Obama. The reason this spread so quickly was that we hadn't yet developed an immunity to this "new" strain of the H1N1 virus. Again, this is evolution in action. Specifically, this was a "reassortment" of human influenza and swine flu viruses, in all four different strains of H1N1. Over 18,000 people worldwide died from this pandemic. It was a different strain of H1N1 that caused the "Spanish" flu pandemic of 1918-1919, killing between 50 million and 100 million people worldwide, still being among the deadliest natural disasters in human history.
These different strains we keep seeing are evolution in action and we simply cannot discuss influenza without discussing the evolution of influenza, especially as it relates to the evolutionary history of different species (phylogeny). While these aforementioned accounts may all technically be of the A/H1N1 virus, they have mutated and evolved enough to keep sickening and killing people each time these go around the block, so to speak. This is also why, every time we see an outbreak of H1N1 or H3N2, we are still encouraged to get a new vaccination, even if we just had a vaccination the previous year. A study of H3N2 is a study of how a certain sub-type of a Category A virus can evolve and mutate to affect different species, especially birds, pigs and humans.
Through reassortment (the mixing of genetic material of a species into new combinations, giving a new version taken from different viruses), H3N2 is able to constantly evolve into new strains of which we may not have a decent immunity. For these reasons, viral reassortment is another study of evolution in action. We cannot study (and cannot Google) "viral reassortment" without reading that it "
allows new viruses to evolve under both natural conditions and in artificial cultures." Most H3N2 virus isolates are triple reassortments, containing genes from birds, pigs and humans. As I mentioned earlier, years that have H3N2 as the predominant kind of influenza are years that have a severe influenza season. The virus' ability to mutate and spread between animals is among the reasons why. Avian influenza virus H3N2 has become endemic in pigs in China. As pigs can also carry human influenza viruses, this means that a reassortment of genes could cause a new mutation of this virus. H3N2 is actually a virus that evolved from H2N2.
Simply stated: To study viruses is to study evolution. There's no way around that fact.
Now, you've said, "I don't care if there are 10 of you guys on here touting the so called "proof" of evolution. There is no real proof on the matter."
So the challenge is up to you. By all means, take the time to explain viruses, viral strains and viral vaccinations by using whatever reason you can muster that has nothing to do with evolution. I've thrown down a mountain of evidence showing evolution in action. If this isn't proof, then it's up to you to explain what proof there is. The burden is entirely on you. Also, spare me the "I'm too busy" speech. I've had nonstop assignments where I've had to research and write 20-30+ articles a week. I worked most of Christmas Eve, much of Christmas day, all of New Year's Eve, most of New Year's Day and EVERY SINGLE DAY in between. If I can take the time to write what I just wrote on this thread - and keep writing and responding to you - you can "prove" to us that there are other explanations besides evolution to explain viruses, vaccines, drug-resistant bacteria and viruses, the fossil record, ambulatory fish and so forth. Believe me, I don't consider it fun to take a break from writing researched articles by writing yet another researched article, especially for someone who has no desire to learn the foundations of science. Therefore, if you're going to insist the rest of us are completely wrong, it's up to you to prove how you're right.