NEW! LOWEST RATES EVER -- SUPPORT THE SHOW AND ENJOY THE VERY BEST PREMIUM PARACAST EXPERIENCE! Welcome to The Paracast+, eight years young! For a low subscription fee, you can download the ad-free version of The Paracast and the exclusive, member-only, After The Paracast bonus podcast, featuring color commentary, exclusive interviews, the continuation of interviews that began on the main episode of The Paracast. We also offer lifetime memberships! Flash! Take advantage of our lowest rates ever! Act now! It's easier than ever to susbcribe! You can sign up right here!
Thanks to the internet people like me are free to inoculate the coming generations against the disease of superstition......
Impotent rage ?
Hardly
We are Doctors, administering the cure, it feels good
Let me know if you would like me to go into this as it has interesting implications for where the cult of the saints in Christianity originates from.
Oh stuff it I am going to post this, but I will try to keep it as short as I can considering the subject at hand so please excuse me if I jump over some areas to save time (also please excuse my Sanskrit it is more than a little rusty).
I said before that Buddhism is a very good way to show how a religion can transform and borrow from those around it.
In and of itself you would think that just like Christianity it simply broke up into different denominations and you would be right but you would also be very wrong and missing the point.
The point is the transmutation of existing regional cults and religions of which Buddhism became a victim to over the century's following the death of Siddhārtha Gautama (The Buddha). I could also add that the Brahmanic religion (Hindu) was a victim of Buddhism but I will get to this crossing over of religious ideas and practice soon.
The schools of Buddhism we have today are in fact very much unlike the original as far as we can ascertain.
Having broken down into over 20 schools through the ages only, Theravada, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna remain (I will get to Zen Buddhism latter as it is more or less an out growth of Mahāyāna via China). It can be argued that Theravada is as close as one can get to the original teachings but even here one could also argue that even if the core teachings are close to the original the day to day practice is not due to regional changes and cultural pressures on the the Buddhist community over time.
To understand this a bit deeper we need to go back to what can be seen as its birth from the Hindu traditions of the time and the first change to effect Buddhism, the birth of the Mahāyāna (Yes the subject is complex but a basic overview can be given and also note that Mahāyāna did not split Buddhism as many think but simply helps to underscore how it evolved out of Hindu traditions and cosmology).
It should be very clear to all here that Buddhism was born in India around 600 or so years BCE, but what one may not understand is that it was a direct out growth of the Brahmanic traditions of the time and pulls on many of its early writings, arguments and philosophical ideas. Even if were only to argue against or reject the ideas they still can be found as part of its philosophy or opposing philosophy if you will.
The whole cycle of birth and rebirth as represented by Buddhism today in the shape of Mahāyāna or more specifically Vajrayāna should give this away but I digress and have jumped a little ahead of myself.
The roots of Brahmanic tradition are based around Vedic tradition but what we are going to touch on here are the Upanisads a body of writings that Buddhism rejected directly.
If you understand the Upanishadic doctrine then you will know that Brahman (ब्रह्मन्) = atman (आत्मन्) or that the self is part of God in broad sense with Brahman being God and atman the self. As such the core idea maintains that the Atman or self is eternal and as such is of itself an unchanging part of Brahmin for an interpretation of this concept we can look to the Taittiriya Upanishad where Brahman is described as:
सत्यम् बोध अनंतम् ब्रह्मन्
satyam jnanam anantam brahman
"Brahman is of the nature of truth, knowledge and infinity"
An interesting fact is that the more you look at this you get the idea that it brings the Brahmanic philosophy very close to monism and could be seen by the lay person as monotheistic at its core but that is a discussion for another time.
Now as I said before Buddhism rejects this idea as the Buddha proclaimed that he could find no evidence for the existence of either the personal soul/self (atman) or its cosmic counterpart and as such saw this philosophy as flawed (I should state that this is not the only reason for the formation of Buddhism as it is almost certainly a product of the social systems of the time but it is one of its core foundations in any case).
So you would think that Buddhism rejected all of the tenants and cosmology of the religion that preceded it right?
Unfortunately this is not the case and it gets very messy trying to extract one from the other in some cases, I will state, that this in my own opinion is one of the factors that lead to Buddhism being reabsorbed back into Hind tradition latter on in its place of birth India. Also one should note that unlike later western thinking eastern philosophy tends not to throw ideas out whole sale but to build on or change them so it is no wounder given this tendency that some of these ideas remained in Buddhism to bubble to the surface as different doctrinal and philosophical schools latter on. As such Buddhism maintained much of the core ideas of cyclic re-existence and Karma (आस्रव) as part of its central philosophy to give us our first example of how a religion can transmute ideas into a new tradition. As we all know the Hindu traditions never died out but this has more to do with the cultural frame work in which it exists and the power base that the caste system in India afforded the Brahmins that supported it.
Buddhism in and of itself was never really able to shake this old cultural system off as the local religious thinking allowed for one to be lets say a follower of Vishnu in the morning and a follower of the Buddha at night neither were seen as incompatible.
The first real change to Buddhism could be seen as the ideal of the Bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व) and that this did not split the sangha (सन्घ monastic school) as you would expect if it were a western religion may be surprising but remember the tendency to absorb old and new ideas that eastern thinking has and you have your answer as to why it did not, however to keep the post short I will simply state that the central change or new thought came from differing philosophical ideas on how enlightenment or Nirvana (निर्वाण) could be attained and should be attained.
As a matter of fact there is also no evidence that Mahāyāna was ever referred to as a separate formal school or sect in early Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas.
In a nut shell what happened was the development of the ideal of the Bodhisattva or that one should abstain if you will from obtaining bodhi (बोधि) until all beings have been liberated from the wheel of existence. Mahāyāna in and of itself never became a formal school or sect in early Buddhism but it is its influence latter on as Buddhist philosophy was transmitted into China etc that is important in my opinion.
So what is pertinent to our discussion at this point is the importance returned to the wheel of Samsara (संसार) and that liberation could some how be held back until one was ready also that other beings needed to be made free of it as well. The problem here is that to reincarnate in this case would be to have knowledge of ones former self and past lives, so you can see the problem forming here already if we return to the basic ideas of the original philosophy and the rejection of atman etc. There is in fact a huge amount of writing on this very subject and how the problem can be resolved in Buddhist texts as I am sure they were all to aware of the problem as well from a philosophical stand point .What I in fact see is simply Buddhisms origins in Hindu tradition coming through and as such helps but again to show how the ideas of one religion keep surfacing in another over time.
This idea can also be found in Theravada in relation to the Buddhas previous lives so it is not unique Mahāyāna but what might be is the relationship between the ideal of the bodhisattva and the cult of saints in later western religion which I will cover in my next post on this subject.
So to recap what we have covered thus far.
That Buddhism was a rejection of older traditions of the time but that still did not make it immune to the cosmological hangover of the older traditions that birthed it as in time these would begin to resurface as new ideas on an old frame work.
Now that I have laid a skeleton frame work, and believe me it is little more than a bare bones synopsis I will move on to how Buddhism moved out from India and absorbed and got absorbed by the other traditions it ran into. I will also cover how and why Buddhism eventually became reabsorbed back in to Hindu tradition, with a basic explanation also of what I mean by the influence on the western cult of saints.
Yes this is a big topic and I know I am being very general with my coverage of it but to be blunt I am not going to post what would be a 60 or 70 thousand word thesis here on the paracast forum as that is what it would take at a minimum to cover even half of it in depth.